1. Epilepsy Society. What is epilepsy? January 2026. https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/about-epilepsy/what-epilepsy.
2. ILAE. Updated classification of epileptic seizures. 2025. https://www.ilae.org/updated-classification-epileptic-seizures-2025.
2. Beniczky S, Trinka E, Wirrell E, et al. Updated classification of epileptic seizures: Position paper of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 2025;66:1804–23.
4. Beniczky S, Trinka E, Wirrell E, et al. A practical guide to the updated seizure classification 2025. Epileptic Disord 2025;27(6):1087–1104.
5. Karakis I. Updated Classification of Epileptic Seizures: Crystal Clear or Lost in Translation? Epilepsy Curr 2025;26(1):25–27.
6. Epilepsy Foundation. Types of seizure. 24 March 2026. www.epilepsy.com/what-is-epilepsy/seizure-types
7. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Epilepsies in children, young people and adults. NICE guideline NG217. 27 April 2022. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng217.
8. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Valproate – reproductive risks. 10 June 2025. www.gov.uk/guidance/valproate-reproductive-risks.
9. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Valproate Pregnancy Prevention Programme: actions required now from GPs, specialists, and dispensers 25 September 2018. www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/valproate-pregnancy-prevention-programme-actions-required-now-from-gps-specialists-and-dispensers.
10. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Valproate use in men: as a precaution, men and their partners should use effective contraception. 5 September 2024. www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/valproate-use-in-men-as-a-precaution-men-and-their-partners-should-use-effective-contraception.
11. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Topiramate (Topamax): introduction of new safety measures, including a Pregnancy Prevention Programme. 20 June 2024. www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/topiramate-topamax-introduction-of-new-safety-measures-including-a-pregnancy-prevention-programme.