All links accessed on October 8, 2025.

1. Thyroid UK. Endocrine System. Date updated: 20.08.21 (V1.2). https://thyroiduk.org/the-basics/an-overview-of-your-endocrine-system/

2. Radiopaedia. Thyroid gland. Last revised by Rohit Sharma on 27 Aug 2025. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/thyroid-gland

3. Radiopaedia. Parathyroid glands. Last revised by Henry Knipe on 29 Jul 2025. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/parathyroid-glands

4. MA Shahid et al. Physiology, Thyroid Hormone. StatPearls Publishing. January 2-25. Last update June 5 2025. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500006/

5. Thyroid Uk. The Thyroid Gland. Date updated: 23.08.21 (V1.2). https://thyroiduk.org/the-basics/how-your-thyroid-gland-works/

6. AC Bianco & RR da Conceição. ‘The Deiodinase Trio and Thyroid Hormone Signaling’. Methods Mol Biol. 2018. 1801:67–83. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6668716/

7. NICE guideline NG145. ‘Thyroid disease: assessment and management’. Published 20 November 2019, last updated 12 October 2023. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng145

8. NHS Health A to Z. Goitre. Page last reviewed 27 July 2025. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/goitre/

9. Thyroid Uk. Hypothyroidism. Date updated: 01/09/21 (V1.5). https://thyroiduk.org/if-you-are-hypothyroid/about-hypothyroidism/overview-of-hypothyroidism/

10. NHSD Business Services Authority. Medical exemption certificates. https://www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/check-if-you-have-nhs-exemption/medical-exemption-certificates

11. NHS Health A to Z. Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism). Page last reviewed 28 April 2025. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/underactive-thyroid-hypothyroidism/

12. Thyroid UK. Hashimoto’s Disease. Date updated: 29.03.21 (V1.2). https://thyroiduk.org/if-you-are-hypothyroid/about-hypothyroidism/hashimotos-disease-2/

13. NHS Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust. Haemangiomas. Last review date: February 2025 Ref: 0225CWT0028. https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/conditions-and-treatments/conditions-we-treat/haemangiomas/

14. Thyroid UK. Graves’ Disease. Date updated: 29.03.21 (V1.1). https://thyroiduk.org/if-you-are-hyperthyroid/about-hyperthyroidism/graves-disease/

15. NHS Health A to Z. Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism). Page last reviewed 11 April 2023. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/

16. K Gardner. Pretibial myxoedema. DermNet. March 2024. https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pretibial-myxoedema

17. National Eye Institute (US). Graves’ Eye Disease. Last updated November 26, 2024. https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/graves-eye-disease

18. British Thyroid Foundation. Thyroiditis. First issued 2008, revised 2011, 2015, 2018. https://www.btf-thyroid.org/thyroiditis

19. NHS 111 Wales. Thyroiditis. Last Updated: 21/09/2023. https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/t/article/thyroiditis

20. A Tabasssom et al. De Quervain Thyroiditis. StatPearls Publishing. Last update July 17 2023.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526066/

21. MHRA. Drug Safety Update. ‘Levothyroxine: new prescribing advice for patients who experience symptoms on switching between different levothyroxine products’. Published 19 May 2021. https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/levothyroxine-new-prescribing-advice-for-patients-who-experience-symptoms-on-switching-between-different-levothyroxine-products

22. Thyroid UK. Deiodinase 2 (DIO2). Date updated: 22.02.2024 (V1.5). https://thyroiduk.org/the-basics/deiodinase-2-genetic-test/

23. British Thyroid Foundation. BTF position statement on liothyronine (T3). June 2025. https://www.btf-thyroid.org/btf-position-statement-on-liothyronine-t3

24. British Thyroid Foundation. Liothyronine https://www.btf-thyroid.org/liothyronine-overview

25. MHRA. Drug Safety Update. Carbimazole: increased risk of congenital malformations; strengthened advice on contraception. Published 18 February 2019.  https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/carbimazole-increased-risk-of-congenital-malformations-strengthened-advice-on-contraception

26. MHRA. Drug Safety Update. Carbimazole: risk of acute pancreatitis. Published 18 February 2019. https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/carbimazole-risk-of-acute-pancreatitis

27. British Thyroid Foundation. Antithyroid drug therapy to treat hyperthyroidism. First issued 2008, revised 2011, 2015, 2018. https://www.btf-thyroid.org/antithyroid-drug-therapy-to-treat-hyperthyroidismleaflet

28. Thyroid UK. Food and Drug Interactions. Date updated: 15.11.22 (V1.5). https://thyroiduk.org/food-and-drug-interactions/

29. S Kochhar. ‘What are the side effects of amiodarone?’. British Heart Foundation. Page update 1 May 2023. https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/medical/ask-the-experts/amiodarone

30. NHS. Medicines A to Z. Decongestants. Page last reviewed 03 November 2022. https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/decongestants/