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1. NHS England. Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey: Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, England. 27 November 2025. https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/adult-psychiatric-morbidity-survey/survey-of-mental-health-and-wellbeing-england-2023-24/drug-use-and-dependence#6-4-discussion.

2. Office for National Statistics. Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales: 2024 registrations. 17 October 2025. www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins/deathsrelatedtodrugpoisoninginenglandandwales/2024registrations#data-sources-and-quality.

3. National Records of Scotland. Drug-related deaths in Scotland 2025. 23 September 2026. www.nrscotland.gov.uk/publications/drug-related-deaths-in-scotland-2025.

4. Volkow ND, Blanco C. Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention. World Psychiatry 2023;22(2):203–29.

5. World Health Organization (WHO). ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. 2025. https://icd.who.int/browse/2025-01/mms/en#590211325.

6. Ducci F, Goldman D. The genetic basis of addictive disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2012;35(2):495–519.

7. TAPS. Tobacco, Alcohol, Prescription medication, and other Substance use tool. https://nida.nih.gov/taps2.

8. Gov.UK. Adult substance misuse treatment statistics for 2024 to 2025: report. 4 December 2025. www.gov.uk/government/statistics/substance-misuse-treatment-for-adults-statistics-2024-to-2025/adult-substance-misuse-treatment-statistics-2024-to-2025-report.

9. Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. Community pharmacy: delivering substance misuse services. 24 January 2024. www.gov.uk/government/publications/community-pharmacy-delivering-substance-misuse-services/community-pharmacy-delivering-substance-misuse-services.

10. NHS England. Providing elearning to educate and train the health and care workforce. https://portal.e-lfh.org.uk.

11. Sneddon J, Friedrich C, Dicks D, et al. Experiences and Perceptions of Care for Medications With a Risk of Dependence: Insights From Patients and Healthcare Professionals. Health & Social Care in the Community 2026;2026:6565483.

12. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Medicines associated with dependence or withdrawal symptoms: safe prescribing and withdrawal management for adults. NG215. 20 April 2022. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng215.

13. Scottish Families Affected by Alcohol & Drugs. Reporting of substance media toolkit. www.sfad.org.uk/reporting-of-substance-media-toolkit.

14. Scottish Drugs Forum’s Moving beyond ‘people-first’ language. https://sdf.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Moving-Beyond-People-First-Language-A-glossary-of-contested-terms-in-substance-use.pdf.

15. ‘Words Matter!’ language statement and reference guide from the International Network of People who Use Drugs. https://inpud.net/words-matter-language-statement-reference-guide.

16. NHSinform. Challenging drug and alcohol stigma. NHSinform. Challenging drug and alcohol stigma. www.nhsinform.scot/campaigns/challenging-drug-and-alcohol-stigma.

17. Weir N, Dunlop E, MacKenzie A, et al. Professionalism, professional identity and community pharmacy culture: The context of substance dependency through the lens of student and early career pharmacists. Addiction 2026;121(1):138–49.

 

 

 

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