All links accessed on March 3 2024

1. ME Horowitz and D Taylor. ‘Addiction and physical dependence are not the same thing’. The Lancet. August 2023. 10;8:E23. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(23)00230-4/fulltext

2. Public Health England. ‘Dependence and withdrawal associated with some prescribed medicines; An evidence review’. September 2019, corrected edition December 2020. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/940255/PHE_PMR_report_Dec2020.pdf

3. D Fluyau et al. ‘Drug Addiction’. StatPearls. National Library of Medicine. National Centre for Biotechnology Information. Last update. January 10 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549783/

4. National Institute on Drug Abuse. ‘What is drug addiction?’. Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction. Drug Misuse and Addiction. July 2020. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/drug-misuse-addiction

5. GF Koob & ND Volkow. ‘Neurocircuitry of addiction’. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010 Jan;35(1):217-38. Erratum in: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010 Mar;35(4):1051. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2805560/

6. NHS health AtoZ. Addiction support. ‘Addiction: what is it?’. Page last reviewed: June 9 2021. https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/addiction-support/addiction-what-is-it/

7. MA Enoch. ‘The role of GABA(A) receptors in the development of alcoholism’. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2008 Jul;90(1):95-104. Epub 2008 Mar 15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2577853/

8. R Miela et al. ‘The neurobiology of addiction. A vulnerability/resilience perspective’. The European Journal of Psychiatry. July–September 2018. 32;3:139-148.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0213616317300800

9. JC Froehlich. Opioid peptides. Alcohol Health Res World. 1997;21(2):132-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6826828/

10. A Dhaliwal & M Gupta. ‘Physiology, Opiooid Receptor’. StatPearls. National Library of Medicine. National Centre for Biotechnology Information. Last update July 24 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546642/

11. NICE Clinical guideline CG52. ‘Drug misuse in over 16s: opioid detoxification’. July 2007. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg52/

12. NICE CKS. ‘Opioid dependence’. Last revised April 2022. https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/opioid-dependence/

13. electronic medicines compendium. https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc

14. I Urits et al. ‘A Comprehensive Update of Lofexidine for the Management of Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms’. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020 Jul 23;50(3):76-96. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7377538/

15. NICE BNF. Lofexidine hydrochloride. https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drugs/lofexidine-hydrochloride/

16. R Iordanova1 & AKR Reddivar. ‘Neuroanatomy, Medulla Oblongata’. StatPearls. National Library of Medicine. National Centre for Biotechnology Information. Last update July 24 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551589/

17. SU Rehman et al. ‘Clinical Efficacy and Safety Profile of Lofexidine Hydrochloride in Treating Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms: A Review of Literature’. Cureus. June 2019. 4;11(6):e4827.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6682385/

18. NICE BNF. Naltrexone hydrochloride. https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drugs/naltrexone-hydrochloride/

19. NICE BNF. Alcohol dependence. https://bnf.nice.org.uk/treatment-summaries/alcohol-dependence/

20. NICE BNF. Nalmefene. https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drugs/nalmefene/

21. National Records of Scotland. ‘Drug-related deaths in Scotland in 2022’. August22 2023. https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files/statistics/drug-related-deaths/22/drug-related-deaths-22-report.pdf

22. Community Pharmacy Scotland. ‘PCA(P)(2023)22 - Payment for Naloxone Access Service’. https://www.cps.scot/news/payment-for-naloxone-access-service

23. Community Pharmacy Scotland. Press Release: ‘National Naloxone Service Launch’. October 30 2023. https://www.cps.scot/news/national-naloxone-service-launch

24. Department of Health and Social Care, Department of Health (Northern Ireland), The Scottish Government, and Welsh Government. Open consultation: ‘Proposals to expand access to take-home naloxone supplies’. January 24 2024. https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/proposals-to-expand-access-to-take-home-naloxone-supplies

25. DHSA. Consultation outcome: ‘Expanding access to naloxone’. Published August 3 2021, last updated January 24 2024. https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/consultation-on-expanding-access-to-naloxone

26. Draft Statutory Instruments. 2024 No.??? ‘The Human Medicines (Amendments Relating to Naloxone) Regulations 2024’. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/65a63e35867cd8000d5ae90b/draft-human-medicines-amendments-relating-to-naloxone-regulations-2024.pdf