All links accessed on March 1 2025.

1. NHS Health A to Z. Pneumonia. Page last reviewed 12 January 2023. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pneumonia/

2. Asthma + Lung. ‘What is pneumonia? Causes, symptoms and risks’. Page last reviewed 1 November 2022. https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/pneumonia/what-is-it

3. NICE clinical guideline CG191. ‘Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management’. Published 3 December 2014, last updated 31 October 2023. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191/ifp/chapter/Pneumonia

4. NHS Health A to Z. Respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Page last reviewed 23 December 2024. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/respiratory-tract-infection/

5. K Gupta et al. ‘Smoke Inhalation Injury: Etiopathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management’. Indian J Crit Care Med. March 2018. 22;3:180-188. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5879861/

6. AD Black. ‘Non-infectious mimics of community-acquired pneumonia’. Pneumonia. 12 April 2016. 8;2. https://pneumonia.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41479-016-0002-1

7. Cleveland Clinic. Pneumonia. Last reviewed 15 November 2022. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4471-pneumonia

8. NICE guideline NG138. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Published 16 September 2019. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138/chapter/summary-of-the-evidence

9. GBD 2021 Lower Respiratory Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. ‘Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality burden of non-COVID-19 lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021’. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. September 2024. 24;9:974-1002. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(24)00176-2/fulltext

10. Department of Health and Social Care. Press release. ‘National RSV vaccination programme announced’. 17 July 2024. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/national-rsv-vaccination-programme-announced

11. Asthma + Lung. ‘Asthma + Lung UK analysis reveals UK has highest number of pneumonia deaths in Europe’. 11 November 2022.https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/media/press-releases/asthma-lung-uk-analysis-reveals-uk-has-highest-number-pneumonia-deaths-europe

12. BMJ Best Practice. ‘Atypical Pneumonia’. Last updated 10 September 2024.

13. Rachel Ayre. ‘What is Walking Pneumonia?’. Primary Care 24. 23 December 2024. https://primarycare24.org.uk/news/2024/12/23/walking-pneumonia/

14. UK Health Security Agency. ‘Legionellosis in residents of England and Wales: 2017 to 2023 report’. Published 21 November 2024. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/legionellosis-in-residents-of-england-and-wales-2017-to-2023/legionellosis-in-residents-of-england-and-wales-2017-to-2023-report

15. NHS Health A to Z. Q fever. Last updated 19 April 2024. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/q-fever/

16. UK Health Security Agency. Psittacosis. Published 1 April 2023, last updated 28 November 2024. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/psittacosis

17. B Kolbrink et al. ‘Evolving epidemiology of pneumocystis pneumonia: Findings from a longitudinal population-based study and a retrospective multi-center study in Germany’. The Lancet Regional Health Europe. July 2022. 18;100400. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanepe/article/PIIS2666-7762(22)00093-X/fulltext

18. M.G. Fraczek et al. ‘Detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii by quantitative real-time PCR in oral rinses from Pneumocystis pneumonia asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus patients’. Journal de Mycologie Médicale. June 2019. 29;2:107-111. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1156523318301884?via%3Dihub

19. Drugs and Therapeutics Bulletin. Point-of-care CRP testing in the diagnosis of pneumonia in adults. 2016. 54;10:117-120.  https://dtb.bmj.com/content/54/10/117.full

20. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Drug Safety Update. ‘Fluoroquinolone antibiotics: must now only be prescribed when other commonly recommended antibiotics are inappropriate’. 22 January 2024. https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/fluoroquinolone-antibiotics-must-now-only-be-prescribed-when-other-commonly-recommended-antibiotics-are-inappropriate

21.NHS Health A to Z. Vaccinations. ‘Pneumococcal vaccine’. Page last reviewed 26 June 2023. https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/pneumococcal-vaccine/

22. NHS Health A to Z. Vaccinations. ‘Flu vaccine’. Page last reviewed 23 November 2023. https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/flu-vaccine/

23. NHS Health A to Z. Vaccinations. ‘RSV vaccine’. Page last reviewed 1 September 2023. https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/rsv-vaccine/

24. DHSC. Press release. ‘National RSV vaccination programme announced’. Published 17 July 2024. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/national-rsv-vaccination-programme-announced

25. NHS Health A to Z. Vaccinations. ‘Covid-19 vaccine’. Page last reviewed 2 September 2024. https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/covid-19-vaccine/

26. Health and Safety Executive. January 2014. https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/eis44.pdf

27. University of Nottingham Press release. ‘Smokers are at an increased risk of recurring pneumonia, finds new study’. July 5 2021. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/news/smokers-are-at-an-increased-risk-of-recurring-pneumonia

28. V Baskaran et al. ‘Effects of tobacco smoking on recurrent hospitalisation with pneumonia: a population-based cohort study’. Thorax. 2022. 77;1:82-85. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/77/1/82