References
All links accessed on August 9 2025
1. NICE Clinical Guideline CG156. ‘Fertility problems: assessment and treatment’. Published February 2013, last updated September 2017. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg156
2. World Health Organization. Infertility. May 22nd 2024. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility
3. RB Leaver. ‘Male infertility: an overview of causes and treatment options’. Br J Nurs. October 13 2016. 25;18:S35-S40. https://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/bjon.2016.25.18.S35
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7. Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority (HFEA). Fertility drugs. Next review date June 2027. https://www.hfea.gov.uk/treatments/explore-all-treatments/fertility-drugs/
8. The Pituitary Foundation. Male Hormones and Fertility. https://www.pituitary.org.uk/information/male-hormones-and-fertility/
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23. Prostate Cancer Uk. Hormone therapy. Updated November 2024. https://prostatecanceruk.org/prostate-information-and-support/treatments/hormone-therapy
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30. E Illiano et al. ‘Resveratrol-Based Multivitamin Supplement Increases Sperm Concentration and Motility in Idiopathic Male Infertility: A Pilot Clinical Study’. J. Clin. Med. December 2020. 9;12:4017. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/12/4017
31. HFEA. Surgical sperm extraction. Next review date June 2027. https://www.hfea.gov.uk/treatments/explore-all-treatments/surgical-sperm-extraction/
32. NHS Cambridge University Hospital. Sperm retrieval from vas deferens or epididymis: PESA – Information for patients. https://www.cuh.nhs.uk/patient-information/sperm-retrieval-from-vas-deferens-or-epididymis-pesa-information-for-patients/