All links accessed on November 1 2023

1. NHS Health A to Z. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Page last reviewed April 11 2023. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd/
2. British Lung Foundation. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) statistics. https://statistics.blf.org.uk/copd
3. A Kulakiewicz et al. Research Briefing: ‘Support for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease’. House of Commons Library. November 15 2021. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cdp-2021-0188/
4. NICE Guideline NG115. ‘Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management’. Published December 5 2018, last updated July 26 2019. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng115
5. World Health Organization. Fact sheets. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). March 16 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd)
6. S Safiri et al. ‘Burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019’. BMJ. July 27 2022. 378:e069679. https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj-2021-069679
7. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. GOLD teaching Slide Set. Updated November 2022. https://goldcopd.org/gold-teaching-slide-set/
8. The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (AATD). Last updated November 21 2022. https://www.newcastle-hospitals.nhs.uk/services/clinical-genetics-service/information-for-healthcare-professionals/care-of-genetic-conditions-in-primary-care/alpha-1-antitrypsin-deficiency-aatd/
9. Office for health Improvement & Disparities. Official Statistics. ‘INteractive Health Atlas of Lung conditions in England (INHALE): March 2023 update’. March 7 2023. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/interactive-health-atlas-of-lung-conditions-in-england-inhale-march-2023-update/interactive-health-atlas-of-lung-conditions-in-england-inhale-march-2023-update

10.OECD iLibrary. Health at a Glance: Europe 2018. ‘Mortality from respiratory diseases’. Revised version February 2019. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/health_glance_eur-2018-12-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/health_glance_eur-2018-12-en

11. Asthma + Lung UK. ‘What is a gas transfer test?’. Page last reviewed January 1 2020. https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/breathing-lung-function-tests/gas-transfer-or-tlco-test
12. P Modi & M Cascella. ‘Diffusing Capacity Of The Lungs For Carbon Monoxide’. StatPearls. Treasure Island {FL) Stat Pearls Publishing. Last update March 13 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556149/
13. Worker Health Protection Program. ‘Understanding Your Breathing Test Results’. http://www.worker-health.org/breathingtestresults.html
14. NICE CKS. Bronchiectasis. Last revised July 2023. https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/bronchiectasis/
15. NICE BNF. Treatment summaries. ‘Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease’. https://bnf.nice.org.uk/treatment-summaries/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease/
16. JDM Bouwens et al. ‘Diagnostic differentiation between asthma and COPD in primary care using lung function testing’. npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine. September 5 2022. 32;32. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41533-022-00298-4
17. AS Buist. ‘Similarities and differences between asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: treatment and early outcomes’. European Respiratory Journal. 2003. 21;39(Supplement): 30s-35s. https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/21/39_suppl/30s

18.     SmPCs. eMC. https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc