Links accessed May 31 2021.

1. Adderley NJ. et al. ‘Prevalence and treatment of atrial fibrillation in UK general practice from 2000 to 2016’. Heart. 2019. 105:27-33. https://heart.bmj.com/content/105/1/27.full

2. NICE. NICE publishes updated clinical guideline on the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation. April 27 2021. https://www.nice.org.uk/news/article/nice-publishes-updated-clinical-guideline-on-the-diagnosis-and-management-of-atrial-fibrillation

3. Public Health England. Atrial fibrillation prevalence estimates for local populations. Last updated April 15 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/atrial-fibrillation-prevalence-estimates-for-local-populations

4. British Heart Foundation. Heart Statistics. BHF Statistics Factsheet. March 2021. https://www.bhf.org.uk/what-we-do/our-research/heart-statistics

5. G Moran. Practice Learning Resources. Cardiology Teaching Package. University of Nottingham. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/nursing/practice/resources/cardiology/index.php

6. BHF. Atrial fibrillation (AF): causes, symptoms and treatments. Page last reviewed: March 2021. https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/atrial-fibrillation

7. NHS Health A to Z. Atrial fibrillation. Page last reviewed: May 17 2021. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/atrial-fibrillation/

8. BHF. Atrial flutter. Page last reviewed: October 2019. https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/arrhythmias/atrial-flutter

9. NICE guideline NG106. Chronic heart failure in adults: diagnosis and management. September 12 2018. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng106

10. N Conrad et al. ‘Temporal trends and patterns in heart failure incidence: a population-based study of 4 million individuals’. The Lancet. February 10 2018 (published online November 21 2017). 391:10120;572-580. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32520-5/fulltext

11. NHS Health A to Z. Heart failure. Page last reviewed: October 26 2018. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-failure/

12. BHF. Heart failure. Page last reviewed: January 2021. https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/heart-failure

13. Mayo Clinic. Heart failure. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-failure/symptoms-causes/syc-20373142

14. G Hendricks et al. 2020 ESC ‘Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC’. European Heart Journal. February 1 2021. 42;5:373–498. https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/42/5/373/5899003

15. American Heart Association. Ejection fraction heart failure management. Page last Reviewed: May 31 2017 https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-failure/diagnosing-heart-failure/ejection-fraction-heart-failure-measurement

16. G Carr-White, J Webb. ‘Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction’. BMJ Best Practice. Last reviewed: April 31 2021. https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/953

17. BHF. Blood tests. https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/tests/blood-tests

18. SH Hohnloser, M Vamos. ‘Not All Types of Atrial Fibrillation Carry the Same Stroke Risk, but Most Benefit From Oral Anticoagulation.’ Circulation. January 2017. 10;1. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCEP.116.004847

19. NICE guideline NG196. Atrial fibrillation: diagnosis and management. Published April 27 2021. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng196

20. NHS England. Clinical Commissioning Policy: Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion for patients with atrial fibrillation and relative or absolute contraindications to anticoagulation (adults). June 29 2018. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/1692-left-atrial-appendage-occlusion.pdf

21. C Allen. Heart matters. ‘What's the difference between atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation?’. BHF. https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/medical/ask-the-experts/atrial-flutter