An initial investigation into male fertility will assess semen for the quality and quantity of sperm. The test should be repeated after three months if there is an abnormality, but as soon as possible for very low sperm counts or an absence of sperm.¹

Doctors will also conduct a physical assessment of the testes for lumps or irregularities, and the penis for its shape, structure and signs of any obvious abnormalities.¹⁰

Even with a low sperm count or poor-quality sperm, couples should continue with regular, unprotected sexual intercourse as there is still a possibility of conceiving naturally. The NHS is unlikely to offer in vitro fertilisation until two years have passed with a couple trying to conceive (including a year before having fertility tests).¹