All links accessed on April 2, 2024

1. Guts UK. Irriitable Bowel Syndrome. https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome/

2. NICE. Clinical guideline CG61. ‘Irritable bowel syndrome in adults: diagnosis and management’.  February 208, last updated April 2017. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg61

3. NHS Health AtoZ. ‘What is IBS?’. Last reviewed February 2021. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/

4. International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). About IBS. ‘Diagnosing IBS’. https://aboutibs.org/what-is-ibs/diagnosis-of-ibs/

5. IFFGD. About IBS. ‘Changes in IBS Symptoms that You Should Not Ignore’. https://aboutibs.org/signs-and-symptoms/changes-you-should-not-ignore-if-you-have-ibs-2/

6. IFFGD. About IBS. ‘What Causes IBS?’. https://aboutibs.org/what-is-ibs/what-causes-ibs/

7. FF Ho et al. ‘Association of healthy lifestyle behaviours with incident irritable bowel syndrome: a large population-based prospective cohort study’. Gut. Published online February 20 2024. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-331254. https://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2024/01/10/gutjnl-2023-331254

8. AD Farmer and O Aziz. ‘Mechanisms and management of functional abdominal pain’. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2014;107(9):347-354. doi:10.1177/0141076814540880. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0141076814540880

9. SA Scudari et al. ‘Efficacy of a Product Containing Xyloglucan and Pea Protein on Intestinal Barrier Function in a Partial Restraint Stress Animal Model’. Int. J. Mol. Sci. February 18 2022. 23(4), 2269; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042269. https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/4/2269

10. Y Zhang et al. ‘Role of autoantibodies in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome: a review’. Front. Physiol. March 5 2024. Sec. Gastrointestinal Sciences. Vol 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1359003. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2024.1359003/full

11. IM Alsaady. ‘Cryptosporidium and irritable bowel syndrome’. Trop Parasitol. 2024 Jan-Jun;14(1):8-15. doi: 10.4103/tp.tp_10_23. Epub 2024 Feb 15. PMID: 38444793; PMCID: PMC10911187. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10911187/

12. E Salvo-Romero et al. ‘The intestinal barrier function and its involvement in digestive disease’.  Rev Esp Enferm Dig (Madrid). 2015. 107;11:686-696. https://online.reed.es/Revistas/REED_2015_107_11/Contenido/pdf/vol107num11_en_7.pdf

13. J Appleton. ‘The Gut-Brain Axis: Influence of Microbiota on Mood and Mental Health’. Integr Med (Encinitas). August 2018. 17;4:28-32. PMID: 31043907; PMCID: PMC6469458. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6469458/

14. Cleveland Clinic. ‘The Gut-Brain Connection’. Last reviewed September 20 2023. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/the-gut-brain-connection

15. K Hou et al. Microbiota in health and diseases. Sig Transduct Target Ther. 2022. 7;135. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-00974-4 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-022-00974-4

16. P Moayyedi, McMaster University. ‘Cognitive and Psychiatric Effects of Linaclotide on Patients With Constipation’. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03342287. November 14 2017, last update August 31 2021. https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03342287

17. DH Vasant et al. ‘British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of irritable bowel syndrome’. Gut. 2021. 0:1–27. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2021-324598 https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/early/2021/04/27/gutjnl-2021-324598.full.pdf

18. Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. ‘IBS and the Low FODMAP diet’. https://www.gloshospitals.nhs.uk/media/documents/FODMAP_dietsheet_for_website.pdf

19. Quadram Institute. ‘Fibre, fermentation, FODMAPs and flatulence’. February 17 2023

20. Monash University. ‘Starting the FODMAP diet’. https://www.monashfodmap.com/ibs-central/i-have-ibs/starting-the-low-fodmap-diet/

21. BNF. NICE. Treatment summaries. Irritable bowel syndrome. https://bnf.nice.org.uk/treatment-summaries/irritable-bowel-syndrome/

22. Ardelyx. Press release. ‘Ardelyx Receives FDA Approval for IBSRELA® (Tenapanor), an NHE3 Sodium Transport Inhibitor, for the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation’. September 12 2019. https://ir.ardelyx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/ardelyx-receives-fda-approval-ibsrelar-tenapanor-nhe3-sodium

23. IFFGD. About IBS. ‘Medication for IBS’. https://aboutibs.org/treatment/medications-for-ibs/

24. BNF. Rifaximin. https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drugs/rifaximin/

25. Xifaxan. https://www.xifaxan.com/ibsd/

26. N Piqué et al. ‘Xyloglucan, a Plant Polymer with Barrier Protective Properties over the Mucous Membranes: An Overview’. Int J Mol Sci. February 2018. 27;19(3):673. doi: 10.3390/ijms19030673. PMID: 29495535; PMCID: PMC5877534. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5877534/

27. P Shanthakumar et al. ‘The Current Situation of Pea Protein and Its Application in the Food Industry’. Molecules. August 2022. 22;27(16):5354. doi: 10.3390/molecules27165354. PMID: 36014591; PMCID: PMC9412838. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9412838/

28. A Trifan et al. ‘Efficacy and safety of Gelsectan for diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: A randomised, crossover clinical trial’. United European Gastroenterology Journal. 2019. 7(8):1093-1101. doi:10.1177/2050640619862721https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2050640619862721

30. A Schultink et al. ‘Structural Diversity and Function of Xyloglucan Sidechain Substituents’. Plants (Basel). November 2014. 13;3(4):526-42. doi: 10.3390/plants3040526. PMID: 27135518; PMCID: PMC4844278. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4844278/

31. G Crawford et al. ‘Efficacy of the Enteroadsorbent Silicol®gel in Adults with Irritable Bowel Syndrome Subtypes IBS-D or Mixed: Observational Open-Label Study’. Gastroenterology Research and Practice. December 16 2023. Article ID 3432763. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/grp/2023/3432763/