Much of the AMR focus is on antibiotics, but it is important to recognise the growth of resistance in viruses, parasites and fungi.  
WHO considers all antiretroviral drugs, including newer classes, as being at risk of becoming partly or fully inactive because of the emergence of drug-resistant HIV (HIVDR). Around one in 10 people in Africa, Asia and Latin America have HIVDR before seeking treatment with non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). In Sub-Sharan Africa, half of infants newly diagnosed with HIV carry a virus that is resistant to NNRTIs.2 
Resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies against the malarial protozoa, Plasmodium falciparum, continues to develop. Resistance has grown over the past 20 years in South East Asia and the Western Pacific, and the treatment has been failing in the WHO East Mediterranean Region. In Africa, countries such as Rwanda have seen emergence of mutations with partial resistance to artemisinin.2 
Among fungi, Candida auris, one of the most invasive common fungal infections, is increasingly resistant to fluconazole, amphotericin B and voriconazole.2 
Concerns about the potential for resistance to biocides (disinfectants, antiseptics and preservatives) have been raised for many years, often in the context of food production/processing or toiletries/cosmetics. Increased use of biocides for cleaning and washing during the pandemic may theoretically have an adverse effect. This could be directly by increasing biocide resistance mechanisms in organisms through greater exposure to biocides or, for example, by an environmental effect on local microbiota favouring AMR bacteria.8,13