All links accessed on May 15 2024

1. K Sharifian K et al. ‘The interplay between human papillomavirus and vaginal microbiota in cervical cancer development’. Virol J. April 19 2023. 20;1:73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10114331/

2.MA Molina et al. ‘The emerging role of Lactobacillus acidophilus in the cervicovaginal microenvironment’. The Lancet Microbe. Published online October 17 2023. Jan 2024. 5;1:E6-E7. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanmic/article/PIIS2666-5247(23)00315-4/fulltext

3. P Łaniewski, M Herbst-Kralovetz. 'Vagina'. Encyclopedia of Reproduction (2nd Edition). 2018. 2:353-359.https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/vagina-flora

4. AJM Loonen et al. ‘Vaginal dysbiosis seems associated with hrHPV infection in women attending the Dutch Cervical Cancer Screening’. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. March 13 2024. Sec. Clinical Microbiology. Vol 14. Programhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2024.1330844/full

5. K Hou et al. ‘Microbiota in health and diseases’. Sig Transduct Target Ther. 2022. 7; 135. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-022-00974-4

6. World Health Organization. Fact sheets. ‘Bacterial vaginosis’. August 16 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/bacterial-vaginosis

7. M Tsamir-Rimon, E Borenstein. ‘A manifold-based framework for studying the dynamics of the vaginal microbiome’. npj Biofilms and Microbiomes. 2023. Vol 9, article number 102. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41522-023-00471-8

8. MA Clarke, et al. ‘A large, population-based study of age-related associations between vaginal pH and human papillomavirus infection’. BMC Infectious Diseases 2012. Vol 12, article number 33. https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-12-33

9. B Vitali et al. ‘Management of Disease and Disorders by Prebiotics and Probiotic Therapy: Probiotics in Bacterial Vaginosis’. The Microbiota in Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology, 2017 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/lactobacillus-jensenii

10. NHS Health A to Z. Bacterial vaginosis. Page last reviewed October 27 2022. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bacterial-vaginosis/

11. VS Saraf et al. ‘Vaginal microbiome: normalcy vs dysbiosis’. Arch Microbiol 2021. 203; 3793–3802 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00203-021-02414-3

12. Y Moosa et al. ‘Determinants of Vaginal Microbiota Composition’. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. September 2 2020. Sec. Microbiome in Health and Disease. Vol 10. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2020.00467/full

13. K Peebles et al. ‘Elevated Risk of Bacterial Vaginosis Among Users of the Copper Intrauterine Device: A Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study’. Clin Infect Dis. Aug 1 2021. 73;3: 513–520. Published online Jun 6 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8326546/

14. TL Cherpes et al. ‘A delicate balance: risk factors for acquisition of bacterial vaginosis include sexual activity, absence of hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli, black race, and positive herpes simplex virus type 2 serology’. Sex Transm Dis. Jan 2008. 35;1:78-83. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17989585/

15. Cancer Research UK. Cervical cancer risk.  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/cervical-cancer/risk-factors

16. JHHM van de Wijgert, V Jespers. ‘The global health impact of vaginal dysbiosis’. Research in Microbiology. Nov-Dec 2017. 168;9-10:859-864. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0923250817300384

17. K Peebles et al. ‘High Global Burden and Costs of Bacterial Vaginosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. May 2019. 46;5:304-311. https://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/abstract/2019/05000/high_global_burden_and_costs_of_bacterial.5.aspx

18. NHS Inform. Bacterial vaginosis. Page last updated December 2 2022. https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/sexual-and-reproductive/bacterial-vaginosis/

19. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH). Bacterial Vaginosis 2012. Page last updated December 1 2012. https://www.bashh.org/resources/21/bacterial_vaginosis_2012

20. E Shipitsyna et al. ‘Composition of the Vaginal Microbiota in Women of Reproductive Age – Sensitive and Specific Molecular Diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis Is Possible?’. Plos One. April 9 2013.  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0060670

21. A Lev-Sagie et al. ‘The Vaginal Microbiome: II. Vaginal Dysbiotic Conditions’. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease. January 2022. 26;1:79-84. https://journals.lww.com/jlgtd/fulltext/2022/01000/the_vaginal_microbiome__ii__vaginal_dysbiotic.16.aspx

22. NICE BNF. Metronidazole. https://bnf.nice.org.uk/interactions/metronidazole/

23. Y Wang et al. ‘Vaginal microbiota: Potential targets for vulvovaginal candidiasis infection’. Heliyon. March 1 2024. 10;5:E27239. https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(24)03270-5

24. BASHH. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis 2019. Last updated January 22 2021. https://www.bashh.org/resources/22/vulvovaginal_candidiasis_2019

25. The University of Manchester. News. ‘New figures show 138 million women suffer from recurrent thrush’. August 3 2018. https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/new-figures-show-138-million-women-suffer-from-recurrent-thrush/

26. NHS Health A to Z. Thrush. Page last updated April 17 2024. https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/related-conditions/common-symptoms/thrush/

27. PSA Moraes. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1081120610628049

28. Recurrent Vaginal Candidiasis and Allergic Rhinitis: a Common Association. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. August 1998, 81;2:165-169. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1081120610628049

30. R Keanmonod et al. ‘Vaginal Candidiasis’. Stat Pearls. Last updated February 3 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459317/

31. NICE BNF. Vaginal and vulval conditions. https://bnf.nice.org.uk/treatment-summaries/vaginal-and-vulval-conditions/

32. CR Cohen et al. ‘Randomized Trial of Lactin-V to Prevent Recurrence of Bacterial Vaginosis’. NEJM. May 13 2020. 382;20:1906-1915https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1915254

33. Y Meng et al. ‘Vaginal microbiota transplantation is a truly opulent and promising edge: fully grasp its potential’. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. March 22 2024. Sec. Extra-intestinal Microbiome. Volume 14. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2024.1280636/full

34. CMJG Lardenoije et al. Medical-Grade Honey as a Potential New Therapy for Bacterial Vaginosis. Antibiotics (Special Issue – Honey: Antimicrobial and Anti-infective Function). April 17 2024. 13;4:368. https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/4/368