Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling pathways are involved in the control of cell survival, cell cycle progression, angiogenesis, cell migration and cellular invasion/metastasis. EGFR promotes cell growth in normal epithelial tissues, including the skin and hair follicles, and is expressed on a variety of tumour cells.⁴

Panitumumab targets EGFR, preventing receptor autophosphorylation inhibiting cell activity. Amivantamab targets and disrupts EGFR signalling and mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) receptor pathways, preventing tumour cell progression and also causing immune-mediated tumour cell death. Cetuximab targets the EGFR and is used in a form of metastatic colorectal cancer where the RAS (rat sarcoma) oncogene is expressed.^2,4

Ramucirumab binds to the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), inhibiting VEGF-induced angiogenesis or new blood vessel formation. Downstream action using ramucirumab includes blocking signalling protein kinases and stopping the migration of human endothelial cells.^2,4