All links accessed May 2020

1. NHS Health A to Z. Insomnia. Last updated January 25 2018. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/insomnia/

2. World Health Organisation. ICD-11. 07 Sleep-wake disorders: Insomnia disorders. Adopted May 25 2019, for implementation from January 1 2022. https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/

3. NICE CKS. Insomnia. Last revised in January 2020. https://cks.nice.org.uk/insomnia

4. S Wilson et al. ‘British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus statement on evidence-based treatment of insomnia, parasomnias and circadian rhythm disorders: An update.’ Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2019. 33;8:923–947. https://www.bap.org.uk/pdfs/BAP_Guidelines-Sleep.pdf

5. I Bjorøy et al. ‘The Prevalence of Insomnia Subtypes in Relation to Demographic Characteristics, Anxiety, Depression, Alcohol Consumption and Use of Hypnotics’. Front. Psychol. Published online March 24 2020. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00527/full

6. N McArdle et al. ‘The prevalence of common sleep disorders in young adults: a descriptive population-based study.’ Sleep. zsaa072. Published online April 13 2020. https://academic.oup.com/sleep/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/sleep/zsaa072/5819386?redirectedFrom=fulltext

7. A Wichniak et al. ‘Effects of Antidepressants on Sleep’. Current Psychiatry Reports. 2017. Vol 19. Article number: 63. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11920-017-0816-4

8. Randi Andenæs et al. ‘Associations between menopausal hormone therapy and sleep disturbance in women during the menopausal transition and post-menopause: data from the Norwegian prescription database and the HUNT study’. BMC Women's Health. 2020. Vol 20. Article number: 64. https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-020-00916-8

9. D Middleman. ‘Psychiatric Issues of Cushing’s Patients’. CSRF (Cushing’s Support & Research Foundation). 2004. https://csrf.net/coping-with-cushings/psychiatric-issues-of-cushings-patients/

10. Centre for Sleep and Circadian Science. University of Pittsburgh. Measure and Study Instrument. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).  https://www.sleep.pitt.edu/instruments/

11. CA Espie et al. ‘The Sleep Condition Indicator: a clinical screening tool to evaluate insomnia disorder’. BMJ Open. 2014. 4:e004183. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/4/3/e004183

12. Sleepio/ SCI Normative Values. https://www.sleepio.com/sleep-condition-indicator/

13. NHS Inform. Illnesses and conditions. Insomnia. Last updated May 6 2020. https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/insomnia.

14. Harvard Women’s Health Watch. ‘Medications that can affect sleep’. Harvard Health Publishing  Harvard Medical School. July 2010. https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/medications-that-can-affect-sleep

15. NHS Health A to Z. Antidepressants. Last reviewed August 16 2018. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/antidepressants/

16. A Britten et al. ‘The association between alcohol consumption and sleep disorders among older people in the general population’. Scientific Reports. March 24 2020. Vol 10. Article number: 5275. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62227-0

17. Ak Dubey et al. ‘Suvorexant: The first orexin receptor antagonist to treat insomnia’. Molecules of the Millennium. 2015. 6;2:118-121. http://www.jpharmacol.com/article.asp?issn=0976-500X;year=2015;volume=6;issue=2;spage=118;epage=121;aulast=Dubey

18. C Wang et al. The Orexin/Receptor System: Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Potential for Neurological Diseases. Front. Mol. Neurosci. Published online June 28 2018. Vol 11. Article number: 220. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2018.00220/full

19. M Laudon & A Frydman-Marom. ‘Therapeutic Effects of Melatonin Receptor Agonists on Sleep and Comorbid Disorders’. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014. 15;9:15924-15950. https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/15/9/15924/htm

20. NHS Apps library. https://www.nhs.uk/apps-library/

21. Gov.UK. ‘Excessive sleepiness and driving’. https://www.gov.uk/excessive-sleepiness-and-driving

22. NHS. Medicines A to Z. Diphenhydramine including Nytol Original. Page last reviewed September 18 2018. https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/diphenhydramine/

23. S Guadagna et al. ‘Plant Extracts for Sleep Disturbances: A Systematic Review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine’. Published online April 21 2020. Vol. 2020. Article ID 3792390. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2020/3792390/

24. H Everitt et al. ‘Antidepressants for insomnia in adults’. Cochrane Systematic Review - Intervention. Version published: May 14 2018. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010753.pub2/full

25. FDA Approved labeling text 3.17.10. NDA 22036. Prescribing information. Silenor (doxepin) tablets for oral administration. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2010/022036lbl.pdf

26. US food & Drug Administration. Drugs@FDA: FDA- Approved Drugs. Belsomra – suvorexant. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=204569

27. Eisai. Press releases. U.S. FDA Approves Eisai's DAYVIGO™ (lemborexant) for the Treatment of Insomnia in Adult Patients. December 23 2019. http://eisai.mediaroom.com/2019-12-23-U-S-FDA-Approves-Eisais-DAYVIGO-TM-lemborexant-for-the-Treatment-of-Insomnia-in-Adult-Patients

28 Idorsia. Our pipeline. https://www.idorsia.com/about-idorsia/idorsia-today/our-pipeline

29. Minerva Neurosciences. Innovation & Pipeline. Seltorexant (MIN-202). For the treatment of Insomnia and Mood Disorders. http://www.minervaneurosciences.com/innovation-pipeline/min-202/

30. Clinical Trials Arena. Almorexant for Treatment of Primary Insomnia. https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/projects/almorexant/

31. Merck & Co., Inc. Form 10-K. As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 1 2010. https://www.merck.com/investors/financials/form-10-K-2009-final.pdf

32. N Ivgy-May et al. ‘Efficacy and safety of esmirtazapine in adult outpatients with chronic primary insomnia: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study, and open-label extension. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine’. Published online April 30 2020. https://jcsm.aasm.org/doi/10.5664/jcsm.8526