All links accessed November 2 2020

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2. S Selber-Hnatiw et al. ‘Metabolic networks of the human gut microbiota’. Microbiology. December 4 2019. 166;2:96-119. https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.000853

3. F Guarner et al. World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines. Probiotics and prebiotics. February 2017. https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/UserFiles/file/guidelines/probiotics-and-prebiotics-english-2017.pdf

4. AN Shoporov et al. The Human Gut Virome Is Highly Diverse, Stable, and Individual Specific. Cell Host & Microbe. October 9 2019. 26;4:527-541.e5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1931312819304767

5. N Gaci et al. Archaea and the human gut: New beginning of an old story. World J Gastroenterol. November 21 2014. 20;43:16062-16078. https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v20/i43/16062.htm

6. S Mills et al. ‘Precision Nutrition and the Microbiome, Part I: Current State of the Science’. Nutrients. April 24 2019. 11;4:923. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/4/923/htm

7. NHS Health A to Z. Clostridium difficile. Page last reviewed November 23 2018. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/c-difficile/

8. N Savage. The complex relationship between drugs and the microbiome. Nature. January 29 2020. 577, S10-S11. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00196-0

9. International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics. Probiotics. https://isappscience.org/for-scientists/resources/probiotics/

10. Q Guo et al. ‘Probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children’. Cochrane Systematic Review - Intervention. April 30 2019. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004827.pub5

11. S Sharif et al. ‘Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants’. Cochrane Systematic Review - Intervention. October 15 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005496.pub5

12. JZ Goldenberg et al. ‘Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile€associated diarrhea in adults and children’. Cochrane Systematic Review - Intervention. December 19 2017. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006095.pub4/full

13, l Kaur et al. ‘Probiotics for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis’. Cochrane Systematic Review - Intervention. March 4 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005573.pub3

14. Z Iheozor-Ejiofor et al. ‘Probiotics for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis’. Cochrane Systematic Review - Intervention. March 4 2020. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007443.pub3/full

15. SJ Allen et al. ‘Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea’. Cochrane SystemNatic Review - Intervention. November 10 2010. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003048.pub3

16. TG Ong et al. ‘Probiotics to prevent infantile colic’. Cochrane Systematic Review - Intervention. March 13 2019. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012473.pub2

17. TV Newlove-Delgado et al. ‘Dietary interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood’. Cochrane Systematic Review - Intervention. March 23 2017. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010972.pub2

18. World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ‘Probiotics in food - Health and nutritional properties and guidelines for evaluation’. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 85. Rome 2006. ISSN 0254-4725. http://www.fao.org/tempref/docrep/fao/009/a0512e/a0512e00.pdf

19. Gut Microbiota for Health by ESNM (European Society of Neurogastroenterology & Moility). ‘Diet & Gut microbiota’.https://www.gutmicrobiotaforhealth.com/about-gut-microbiota-info/diet-and-gut-microbiota/

20. BH Nataraj et al. ‘Postbiotics-parabiotics: the new horizons in microbial biotherapy and functional foods’. Microbial Cell Factories. August 20 2020. Volume 19; article number 168. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12934-020-01426-w

21. Codex Alimentarius Commission. FAO. WHO. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme. Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses. 40th Session. Berlin, Germany. November 26-30 2018. Proposal for new work on international prebiotic guidelines for use in foods and dietary supplements. http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/en/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FMeetings%252FCX-720-40%252FCRD%252FCRD04%2B%2528prepared%2Bby%2BSudan%2529.pdf

22. International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics. Prebiotics. https://isappscience.org/for-scientists/resources/prebiotics/

23. MK Bothe et al. ‘Dose-Dependent Prebiotic Effect of Lactulose in a Computer-Controlled In Vitro Model of the Human Large Intestine’. July 18 2017. Nutrients. 9;7:767. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/7/767

24. KS Swanson et al. ‘The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics’. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. August 21 2020. 17:687–701.  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-0344-2

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26. British Nutrition Foundation. Functional foods. June 2009, last revised February 2016.  https://www.nutrition.org.uk/nutritionscience/foodfacts/functional-foods.html?start=6

27. The IBS Network. FODMAPS. https://www.theibsnetwork.org/diet/fodmaps/

28. Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation. ‘IBS vs IBD’. https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/what-is-ibd/ibs-vs-ibd

29. NICE. BNF Treatment summary. Irritable bowel syndrome. https://bnf.nice.org.uk/treatment-summary/irritable-bowel-syndrome.html

30. M Joosens et al. ‘Dysbiosis of the faecal microbiota in patients with Crohn's disease and their unaffected relatives’. Gut. 2011. 60:631-637. https://gut.bmj.com/content/60/5/631.info

31. BN Limketkai. ‘Probiotics for induction of remission in Crohn's disease’. Cochrane Systematic Review – Intervention. July 17 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006634.pub3

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33. J Cottrell et al. ‘Comparison of Two Forms of Loperamide–Simeticone and a Probiotic Yeast (Saccharomyces boulardii) in the Treatment of Acute Diarrhoea in Adults: A Randomised Non-Inferiority Clinical Trial’. Drugs in R&D. November 5 2015. 15:363–373. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40268-015-0111-y

34. EC Dinleyici et al. ‘Time Series Analysis of the Microbiota of Children Suffering From Acute Infectious Diarrhea and Their Recovery After Treatment’. Front. Microbiol. June 12 2018. Volume 9; article 1230. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01230/full

35. F Imhann et al. ‘Proton pump inhibitors affect the gut microbiome’. Gut. April 8 2016.65:740-748. https://gut.bmj.com/content/65/5/740

36. Q-H Sun et al. ‘Beneficial effect of probiotics supplements in reflux esophagitis treated with esomeprazole: A randomized controlled trial’. World J Gastroenterol. May 7 2019. 25;17:2110-2121. https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v25/i17/2110.htm

37. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). ‘Ad hoc meeting with industry representatives’. Parma. January 18 2019. https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/events/event/190118

38. ME Sanders et al. ‘Probiotic use in at-risk populations’. JAPhA. November 1 2016. 56;6:680-686. https://www.japha.org/article/S1544-3191(16)30732-4/fulltext

39. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ). K Koutsooumanis et al. ‘Update of the list of QPS€recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 9: suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until September 2018’. EFSA Journal. January 24 2019. 17;1:e05555. https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5555